Going Beyond A Pat On The Back Essays - Foodservice, Turnover

Going beyond a Pat on the Back ? Motivation Theory at Work in the Food Service Industry America's love affair with restaurants has never been greater. According to Roy Alonso of the National Restaurant Association, there were over 750,000 locations offering food services of some sort in the United States as of 1997. It is estimated that half of all adults are foodservice patrons on a typical day, and over 43 cents of the consumers food dollar is spent at these establishments. In 1997, sales of restaurants of all types topped $286 billion dollars, and experienced a growth rate of twenty percent. However, all is no t well in the industry. With the national unemployment rate hovering around five percent ? the lowest level since 1973 ? the business of keeping and motivating workers poses a threat to an industry already in the midst of an 150 percent annual turnover rate. In addition, luring quality employees from other markets (such as the health care and retail industries) to fill the nearly four million new jobs that the industry is anticipated to create is a difficult pr oposition. According to Laura Parsons, director of staffing in North America for Burger King, ?The perception [among possible employees] is that fast food, and the service industry in general, is at the bottom of the barrel. We're losing employees every day because of this. We have to take steps to become the first employer of choice.? Thus employee retention through motivation has become one of the focal points of the industry. In fact at the Multi-Unit Food Service Operators Conference held in Los Angeles last year, it was the main topic of discussion, with countless seminars devoted to the subject. Even a cottage industry of ?incentive specialist? firms has sprung up. Numerous methods, techniques, and ideas have been tried, with varying levels of success. However, despite the superficial differences between the techniques, they are all based on the theories of motivation prompted by Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg that have been modified for the industry. According to the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology, behavior is defined as being purposeful and directed towards some end. That is, it is motivated by someone or something. According to the need theory of motivation, the driving force is the need, and the direction is towards a perceived reward and away from a perceived punishment. Building on this is the Hierarchy of Needs developed by Abraham Maslow in 1954. In summation, the needs of an individual are hierarchical, and the procession up the varying levels of need are successive. For example, a person's physiological needs must be met before they can progress on to safety needs, affection needs, and so on. Manfred Davidson, a scholar of Maslow's work and theorist, adds, ?once primary needs are met, they cease to act as drives and are replaced by needs of a higher order. Higher order needs manifest themselves only when this is the case. Frederick Herzberg presented another major theory of motivation through needs. In 1959, Herzberg and his colleagues asked more than 200 engineers and accountants to describe a job event that caused them extreme satisfaction, and another that caused them extreme dissatisfaction (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1967.) He found that factors causing satisfaction dealt with job content, and those causing dissatisfaction descried the job environment. Herzberg called the job content factors motivators and the job environment factors hygiene factors. More striking was his observation that an absence of motivators produced no satisfaction but also no dissatisfaction; it produced a state of neutrality. Also, fulfilling the hygiene factors eliminated dissatisfaction but did not satisfy. The results have come to be known as the Motivation-Hygiene theory or the Dual Factor Theory (Shipley and Kiely, 1988.) Although these experiments showed the motivating factors present in the workplace for professional and industrial workers, there was little data involving hospitality workers until Kwame Charles and Lincoln Marshall explored the motivational preferences of workers in Caribbean hotels. An interesting point that was determined from the study was that the top motivational factors for workers in this industry differed greatly from their counterparts in earlier surveys. The results showed that the top motivators were good wages and better working conditions. When Simons and Enz

Free Essays on AMD

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: COMPANY PROFILE1 THE COMPETITIVE PC CHIP MARKET2 DIVERSIFICATION AND GLOBAL POSITION3 COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS4 GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY5 LEGAL ENVIRONMENT6 THE EHS PROGRAM7 AMD’S WORK FORCE8 SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY7 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY10 CONCLUSION11 WORKS CITED12 INTRODUCTION: COMPANY PROFILE Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. is ranked as the as the world’s second largest PC chipmaker with a market share of just 17%, far behind Intel Corp. with 81% of the market (Buckman and Williams 2001, 1). However, in 2000 AMD’s sales jumped 63% to $4.6 billion, producing $983 million in net income and its first profitable year since 1995 (Streetwalker 2001, 1). AMD owns engineering, manufacturing, warehousing and administrative facilities where it produces not only PC chips but also microprocessors, memory circuits, logic circuits, flash memory devices, telecommunication products and embedded processors (Moody’s 2000, 2520). The company’s headquarters and research and development site are located in Sunnyvale, CA, while the wafer manufacturing plants are located in Austin, TX and Dresden, Germany. The test and assembly facilities are located in Bangkok, Thailand and Penang, Malaysia. The company has also established production at the Singapore’s test and assembly facility as well as an analysis and design plant in Suzhou, China. In addition, a new plant in Japan, a joint venture of AMD and Fujitsu, called AMD Fujitsu Semiconductor Ltd. or FASB, will begin operations in the first half of 2001 (Dum 2000, 2). AMD, like many technological multinational enterprises (MNE), prefers to locate its factories and assembly plants in technology clusters in stable and democratic countries. However, AMD knows that East Asia is one of the best places for setting up factories because of cheap wages, stable countries, proximity to suppliers and potentially large mark... Free Essays on AMD Free Essays on AMD CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: COMPANY PROFILE 1 THE COMPETITIVE PC CHIP MARKET 2 DIVERSIFICATION AND GLOBAL POSITION 3 COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS 4 GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY 5 LEGAL ENVIRONMENT 6 THE EHS PROGRAM 7 AMD’S WORK FORCE 8 SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY 7 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 10 CONCLUSION 11 WORKS CITED 12 INTRODUCTION: COMPANY PROFILE Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. is ranked as the as the world’s second largest PC chipmaker with a market share of just 17%, far behind Intel Corp. with 81% of the market (Buckman and Williams 2001, 1). However, in 2000 AMD’s sales jumped 63% to $4.6 billion, producing $983 million in net income and its first profitable year since 1995 (Streetwalker 2001, 1). AMD owns engineering, manufacturing, warehousing and administrative facilities where it produces not only PC chips but also microprocessors, memory circuits, logic circuits, flash memory devices, telecommunication products and embedded processors (Moody’s 2000, 2520). The company’s headquarters and research and development site are located in Sunnyvale, CA, while the wafer manufacturing plants are located in Austin, TX and Dresden, Germany. The test and assembly facilities are located in Bangkok, Thailand and Penang, Malaysia. The company has also established production at the Singapore’s test and assembly facility as well as an analysis and design plant in Suzhou, China. In addition, a new plant in Japan, a joint venture of AMD and Fujitsu, called AMD Fujitsu Semiconductor Ltd. or FASB, will begin operations in the first half of 2001 (Dum 2000, 2). AMD, like many technological multinational enterprises (MNE), prefers to locate its factories and assembly plants in technology clusters in stable and democratic countries. However, AMD knows that East Asia is one of the best places for setting up factories because of cheap wages, stable countries, proximity to suppliers and potentially large mark...

Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Statement - Essay Example Since it should be goal of he company to benefit its shareholders, it is called bottom-line measure of performance. Accordingly it is 22.5 % as calculated below Return on equity= Net profit after tax/ Total equity =m 467/ 2074 = 22.5 % for 2005-06 = " 392/1397 = 28.06 % for 2004-05 The decline in ROE in 2005-06 is due to abnormal increase in other reserves shown under equity... This is also known as Return on capital employed (ROCE) and also calculated on pretax profit. Liquidity/Solvency Liquidity means the speed and ease with which an asset can be converted into cash. Liquidity has two dimensions. Ease of conversion versus loss of value. Any asset can be converted into cash if its price is cut sufficiently. A highly liquid asset is therefore one that can be sold without significant loss of value. An illiquid asset is one that cannot be quickly converted into cash without a substantial price reduction. Assets are listed on the Balance Sheet in order of liquidity meaning that the least liquid assets are listed first. Current assets are Cash and those assets convertible into cash over the next 12 months. Bills Receivable for instance represents amounts collectible from the customers for sales already made to them. These are therefore expected to be realised in the near future. Inventory that is stock-in-trade is the least liquid of the current assets. Current Ratio is one of the best known and most widely used ratios to ascertain company's solvency/liquidity. It is defined as Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities CurrentAssets m 3,666/Current Liabilities m 3,432 = Current Ratio1.07 for 2005-06" " 2,752/ "...Assets are listed on the Balance Sheet in order of liquidity meaning that the least liquid assets are listed first. Current assets are Cash and those assets convertible into cash over the next 12 months. Bills Receivable for instance represents amounts collectible from the customers for sales already made to them. These are therefore expected to be realised in the near future. Inventory that is stock-in-trade is the least liquid of the current assets. The current ratio of 1.07 indicates that company is efficient enough to use all its current assets without keeping them surplus and idle. It has also shown remarkable improvement from the last year's negative current ratio of 0.84. Quick ratio is calculated ignoring the value of inventory included in current assets for its obvious shortcomings of the least liquid of all current assets besides possible overvaluation and inclusion of damaged, obsolete and lost stocks. It can also include over purchased and slow moving items. These will impede liquidity. Quick Ratio or Acid -Test ratio is so named to indicate the current assets sans inventory's quicker liquidity. BA has no stock in trade as mentioned above except for "expendable spares and other inventories" valued m 83 since it is a service industry.

First thing First Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First thing First - Essay Example I said, "Honey, Pastor Jamal is going to be on Paula White Ministry and youve got to see it." He said "Ok." I was happy that he was willing to watch with me. As he stood in the middle of the room watching, I stood right behind him. After the program was off, I asked what his thought on first fruit was. He said it made sense. After introducing the idea to him, I left the room. I waited until the next morning and while we were sitting at the table I said, " Honey, I was hoping you give first fruit with your first paycheck in January." He understood why I wanted him to participate and loved how I explained it to him, but he had already made plans to use the money for something else. There was no changing his mind. He had his heart set on using his first pay check to purchase parts for his motorcycle. Since getting his motorcycle chrome out was a big deal to him, I had to drop the issue for the moment, but I was not finished with him yet. Later that evening I repeated what he had said about first fruit and how he agreed that it is important back to him. He finally said, "Well, I knew you were going to do what you wanted anyway. If it makes you happy go ahead." After thinking about it, I did not use his check for first fruit. I paid the bills and decided to ask about giving first fruit two months before the New Year. I would still use the same approach, but I would start earlier in getting him prepared to give up his whole pay

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example Language being one of the most powerful tools of communications, it acts as a connection between two or more people hence enhancing knowledge of the society, as well as the residents of South Korea. Korean, being the official language spoken by South Koreans, is not only spoken in this country, but also all over the world. Moreover, English is taught in both middle and high school. Recently, Chinese has been increasingly popular as the South Koreans rediscover their ancient ties to China as a trading partner. Almost all the schools teach English due to the country’s tight diplomatic ties with United States of America. It is in this country where literacy level is as high as 98 percent and due to its homogeneity; almost everyone speaks Korean. Here, the education system is organized in a 6-3-3-4 pattern, with six grades of elementary school, where kindergarten is not included in the formal education system, three grades in the middle school, another three in high school and fou r years of higher education. With effect from 1953, elementary education was made free and compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. Practical and fine arts, social studies, arithmetic music natural science, physical education, moral education and Korean language are the basics of the curriculum. Admissions into middle school have been through a lottery system by zones so as to ease distinctions between schools of different quality. A curriculum includes 11 required subjects, electives and extra-curricular activities. High school education is a bit advanced as it provides advanced general and specific training based on middle school work. Also, it is based on entrance examination and is not free. Higher education institutions include four year colleges, universities and miscellaneous colleges such as seminaries. About 80 percent of these institutions are private but supervised by the Ministry of Education (pp.110). Â  The traditional Buddhist and Christianity are the two predominant religions practiced in South Korea. However, these religions have been influenced significantly by the native Korean peninsula, Joseon Dynasty, shamanism and the Korean Confucianism that was the official ideology for over 500 years. However, the most recent estimates show that approximately 46 percent of Koreans have no affiliations to any religion. Among the Christians, Protestants have outnumbered the Roman Catholics. Christianity was introduced here in the 18th century by the Jesuit Missionaries. While 17 protestant missionaries operate in the country, Catholics have only six missionary groups and 15 dioceses. Most of the people here who are Buddhists are members of the Mahayana school that is also practiced in China, Vietnam and Japan. Confucianism was the official religion from the 14th to the 20th centuries and also ensured Korean social order. It encouraged devotion to family, friends, worship of ancestors and family, peace, harmony, justice and ethica l living. Shamanism is the country’s oldest religion and still exists in many, diverse forms such as shamanism organizations throughout the country. Other religions include the Jesus Morning Star Church, Mormons, Jehovah’s Witness, Muslims and Taoism (pp. 107). Many Koreans hold to the belief that certain foods are eaten to treat various illnesses. Many South Koreans dislike iced beverages, and many avoid milk products as they are lactose intolerant. Here, vegetables and rice are the staple foods. A typical meal is comprised of steamed rice (pap), a type of soup known as kuk and raw vegetables (banchan). Meals are eaten in silence as it is inappropriate to speak while eating especially in the presence of an elder. Rice is eaten with a spoon and lifting the rice bowl to the mouth is ill manners. Kimchee, a Korean

Implications of NRHM in Punjab

Implications of NRHM in Punjab Sustainable Health Development:  An Analysis of Implications of NRHM in Punjab Ms. Gunjan Malhotra[1] Dr. Madhur M. Mahajan[2] Abstract: The National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 (although full fledged activities began in full swing in 2007-2008) along with other states and union territories. The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional, community owned, decentralized health delivery system with inter-sectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health such as water, sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender equality.The paper intends to study the impact of NRHM in terms of health infrastructure and to examine the impact of NRHM on health indicators like Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate in the state of Punjab. It also studies the differences in Punjab and Kerala in terms of Health infrastructure and Health indicators. The study results show that a number of sub centres, PHC and CHC have increased and also IMR, MMR and TFR have come down after implementation of NRHM. Sustainability in health development means improvement in the health indicators and better health care facilities for existing and future population. Key words: NRHM, Sustainable Health Development, Mortality. Introduction: Health is described as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (WHO). Health is a state of being hale sound or whole in body, mind especially the state of being free from physical disease or pain. Good health is a pre-requisite for human productivity and development process. Improvement in health would make a positive impact on economic development. Better health can increase the number of potential man hours for production by reducing morbidity and disability as well as reducing mortality. Better health may result in more productivity per man as well as more men available for work. Promotion of a good health must be a prime objective of every country’s development programmes. The preamble to the WHO constitution also states that the enjoyment of highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every human being and those governments are responsible for health of their people and they can fulfil that responsibility of taking appropriate measures. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: The concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the worlds poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet present and future needs. (Brundtland Report, 1987) Sustainability is related to the quality of life in a community whether the economic, social and environmental systems that make up the community are providing a healthy, productive, meaningful life for all community residents, present and future. Sustainable health care system means meeting the health and health care needs of individuals and the population which would lead to optimal health and health care outcome. According to WHO any policy is said to be sustainable when: It continues to function effectively for the foreseeable future, High treatment coverage, integrate into available health care services, have strong community ownership and use resources mobilized by community and government. Taking into account the above factors of sustainability National Rural Health Mission was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi in 2005 in the country, with a special focus on 18 states. It recognizes the importance of health care in the process of economic and social development and improving the quality of lives of our citizens. It provides effective health care to rural population throughout the country. NRHM initiative as a whole with its wide approach is a national movement that just a national health project. The main objective of NRHM in state Punjab is: To provide accessible, affordable, accountable, effective and reliable health care, especially to the poor and the vulnerable sections of the population in rural areas. To achieve health indicators like IMR, MMR and TFR to acceptable levels. The mission is an articulation of the commitment of the government to raise public spending on health from 0.9% of GDP to 2-3% of GDP and aims to undertake architectural correction of the health system to enable it to effectively handle increased allocations as promised under the national common minimum program and promote policies that strengthen public health management and service delivery in the country. To revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH into the public health system. It aims at effective integration of health concerns with determinants of health like sanitation and hygiene, nutrition and safe drinking water through a district plan for health. Literature Review: Kumar (2005) reported that study on Maternal Mortality Reduction and opportunity under National Rural Health Mission.Maternal Mortality Rate continues to remain high in our Country without showing any declining period of two decades. The proportion of maternal death contributes by direct obstetrics causes have also remained more or less the same in rural areas. There is a strong need to improve coverage of antenatal care, promote institutional deliveries and provide emergency of obstetric care. Ramani (2006) â€Å"Status of Indian Health System† identified that the critical areas of management concerns in the Indian Health Care System are mainly non-availability of staff, weak referral system, poor service delivery, financial shortfalls and lack of accountability of quality of care. Gautham (2007) in their study â€Å"Patterns of Public Health Expenditure in India: An analysis of State, and Central Health budget in Pre and Post NRHM Period† examined the size, distribution, trends, composition and rate of growth of Union and State Health Expenditure during the period of 2001 2002 to 2008 – 2009. Garg (2007) explored the current status of implementation and progress of activities as envisaged under NRHM in the high focus states of the country that are under priority, as well as non priority states. Ashtekar(2008) emphasised on the failure of decentralisation, the lack of inter-sectoral coordination, and the undermining of traditional health support are the reasons why the National Rural Health Mission has not delivered what it had set out to achieve. Sinha(2009) studied that NRHM provided a large canvas and platform for health action, but Shyam Ashtekar (EPW, 13 September 2008) misses many issues and does not make his critique from the right perspective. During the short period of its existence there is ample evidence to show that the mission has been moving in the right direction, crafting a credible public system of health delivery starting from the village and going up to the district level. Hussain (2011): reported that NRHM was introduced as a flagship scheme of the United Progressive Alliance government in 2005-06 to address the needs of the rural population through an architectural correction of the health system. With the completion period drawing to a close in 2012, he critically evaluates the success of the intervention strategies under this scheme. Pal (2011) analysed NRHM, this programme has put rural public health care firmly on the agenda, and is on the right track with the institutional changes it has wrought within the health system. He seeks to evaluate the performance of service delivery in rural public health facilities under National Rural Health Mission. The concept and working of NRHM has been discussed in brief. Anirvan (2012) in her study observed that National Rural Health Mission is the Government of India’s largest public health program. This report briefly analyse NRHM expenditures along the following parameters: overall trends in fund allocation and expenditure: GOI and States, allocation and expenditure on key programs like immunization, physical coverage and human resource avail- ability, and outcomes (Infant Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Rate). Patra, Ramadass (2013) studied the impact of NRHM on the health infrastructure and on the health indicators and to analyze the determinants of health status in the health development of Odisha. The study is only based on the secondary data. The collected data was analyzed with the help of MS-WORD and Excel. The study showed that the health status of study area is very poor and is gradually increasing as a result of the implementation of NRHM and the staple reasons for this tendency are: low income, illiteracy, shortage of doctors, unwillingness doctors to go to remote areas and lack of health care facilities and lack of production of laboratory technicians and radiographers. Thimmaiah, Mamatha (2014) intends to study the impact of NRHM in terms of health infrastructure and to examine the impact of NRHM on health indicators, like Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Crude Death Rate (CDR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Karnataka. The study result shows that the number of Sub Centres, Primary Health Centres and Community Health Centres has increased between 2005 and 2010. Also, IMR, MMR, CDR and TFR have come down after the implementation of National Rural Health Mission. Objectives of the study: To study the impact of NRHM in terms of health infrastructure in Punjab. To examine the impact of NRHM on health indicators like IMR, TRR and MMR in Punjab. Hypothesis of the study: There is significant reduction in health indicator IMR, MMR and TFR after implementation of NRHM. Methodology of the study: Keeping the objective of the study into mind, an attempt has been made to draw a comparative picture of the health indicators before and after NRHM. The study relies on secondary data. The data is collected from Ministry of Health and Family Welfare statistical report NRHM, statistical abstract of Punjab, NRHM Annual Reports, Five year plan reports, Economic survey, Census reports and WHO reports. The data collected has been tabulated and impact of the NRHM on sustainable health in Punjab has been gauged by employing graphical analysis, correlation techniques and t-test. Impact of NRHM in terms of Health Infrastructure in Punjab Table 1: Number of Sub Centres, PHC’s and CHC’s functioning Source: Economic Survey 2012 From the above table it is clear that in the year 2005 when NRHM was launched, there were 2850 sub centres, 441 PHC’s and 120 CHC’s operated in Punjab. In the year 2010, the number of sub centres, PHC’s and CHC’s increased to 2950, 449 and 132 respectively. At all India level the PHC’s, CHC’s and sub centres have increased. In the following chart it is found that Sub Centres, PHC’s and CHC’s have been increased from the year 2005 to the year 2010 after the implementation of NRHM in Punjab. Chart-1 Sub Centres, PHC’s and CHC’s in Punjab Impact of NRHM in terms of Health Indicators in Punjab To study the impact of NRHM in terms of health indicators 3 indicators are used which are Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). A time period from 2000 to 2011 has been taken 6 years before implementation of NRHM and 6 years after NRHM. The following table shows the health indicators from 2000 to 2011: Table-2 Health Indicators 2000-2011 Source: RHS bulletin 2012(health and family welfare in Punjab) From the above table it is clear that IMR, MMR and IMR have reduced over the time period 2000 to 2011. Before implementation of NRHM, TFR was 2.4 and has been reduced to 1.7, MMR was 178 has been reduced to 154 and IMR was 52 has been reduced to 28. Chart-2 TFR 2001-2013 The above charts shows the decline in Total Fertlity Rate from 2000 to 2012 and the current rate is 1.7. Chart-3 MMR 2001-2012 The chart 3 shows a decline in Maternal Mortality Rate but in the year 2004-05 there has been increase in MMR and thereafter a decline in MMR. Chart-4 IMR-2001-2013 Chart-4 shows a significant decline in IMR after the implementation of NRHM. As compared to other health indicators IMR has shown the maximum improvement. Table-3 Sample t-test on Health Indicators in Punjab On the basis of analysis conducted by using sample T-test indicates that TFR was 2.28 before implementation of NRHM and it was decreased to 1.865 after implementation of NRHM. Overall decreased rate is 0.4183. The t statistic is significant at 1% level of significance. Hence null hypothesis of no difference is rejected and alternative hypothesis of significant difference is accepted. With respect of MMR, the rate of MMR 48.83 before implementation of NRHM and it was decreased to 163 after implementation of NRHM. Overall decreased rate is 19.34.The t statistic is significant at 1% level of significance. Hence null hypothesis of no difference is rejected and alternative hypothesis of significant difference is accepted. With respect of IMR, the rate of MMR 182.34 before implementation of NRHM and it was decreased to 35.67 after implementation of NRHM. Overall decreased rate is 13.16.The t statistic is significant at 1% level of significance. Hence null hypothesis of no difference is rejected and alternative hypothesis of significant difference is accepted. Major Findings of the Study: Number of sub centres, PHC’s and CHC’s have increased from 2005 to 2010 after the implementation of NRHM. Over the period substantial reduction has been seen in IMR, MMR and TFR after the implementation of NRHM. The reduction in the indicators and increase in health infrastructure depicts that there is sustainability in health after the implementation of NRHM. Conclusion: NRHM launched by the government of India holds great hope and promises to serve deprived communities of rural areas. The invariable existence of social cultural differences in the community has always been a challenge to health care efforts made by Government of India. Sustainibility in health is a major challenge in the hands of Government i.e. reduction in major health indicators and improvement of health infrastructure without having an effect on future generations. Sustainibility has a very wide scope and there are many reasons and policies which emphasis on Health Infrastructure and Health Indicators. But this paper only studies the impact of NRHM on the sustainibility of Health Development in Punjab. Refrences: Ashtekar, S (2008): â€Å"The National Rural Health Mission: A Stocktaking†, Economic Political Weekly, XLIII (37): 23-26. Anirvan Chowdhury, (2012) in her study â€Å"Budget Briefs-National Rural Health Mission†, Accountability initiative Research and Innovation for Governance accountability, No 69. Garge Suneel, Natha Anita, (2007) â€Å"Current Status of National Rural Health Mission†, Vol.32, Issue: 3 page: 171-172. Kumar’s â€Å"Challenges of Maternal Mortality Reduction and Opportunities under National Rural Health Mission. A Critical Appraisal†, Indian Public Health. 2005 Jul-Sep; 49(3): 163-7. Ramani K.V, Maavalakar Dileep, (2006) â€Å"Health System in India: Opportunity and challenges for improvement†, Journal of Health and Organization Management, UK, Vol. 20, No 6, PP 560-572. Suresh Kumar Patra, L.Annam Prof. M. Ramadass (2013) â€Å"National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and Health Status of Odisha: An Economic Analysis† Language in India ISSN 1930-2940 13:4 April 2013. World Health Organization. 2006. Constitution of the World Health Organization – Basic Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006. Husain (2011) â€Å"Health of the National Rural Health Mission†, Economic and Political Weekly, Jan 22, vol XLV1, No 4. Pal (2011) â€Å"National Rural Health Mission: Issues and Challenges†, Zenith International Journal of Business Economics and Management Research, Dec 2011, Vol.1 Issue 3. Thimmaiah, Mamatha (2014) â€Å"National Rural Health Mission Status in Karnataka: An Economic Analysis†, ISSN-2250-1991, Vol.3 Issue-5. National Health Systems Resource Centre â€Å"NRHM in Eleventh Five Year Plan†, ISBN-978-93-82655-00-8. http://www.punjabstat.com/health/16/vitalstatistics/291/infantmortalityrate/17794/stats.aspx http://www.pbnrhm.org/home.htm [1] Assistant Professor, Post Graduate Department of Economics, GGDSD College, Chandigarh. [2] Assistant Professor, Post Graduate Department of Economics, GGDSD College, Chandigarh.

Murder Mysteries. :: English Literature

Murder Mysteries. Murder mysteries have a motive to start off the investigation. They also always have detectives, murder, an alibi, victims, weapons, evidence, a twist in the tale, and suspense. Sometimes a little, sometimes a lot. The location and the setting are some of main factors for murder mysteries. If a murder mystery doesn't contain any of these, it cannot be defined as a murder mystery. You could say that these are the backbone to this genre of story. Roald Dahl wrote Lamb to the Slaughter. It was first published in 1954. Lamb to the Slaughter is written in the speech of the time the story was published. In Lamb to the Slaughter the use of present day, modern language automatically gives the impression that it is written in this time of the century. Roald Dahl is more famous for writing children's stories. In his adult stories he always writes about ordinary people who get involved in difficult situations. Lamb to the Slaughter is more prominent as an adult's story. This story is a murder mystery and is one of the two short stories that I am going to investigate. The other short story, which I will be investigating, is The Speckled Band. The Speckled Band was written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and was first published in 1892. The Speckled Band is also written in the speech of the late 19th century. The language of that time seemed to be much more formal, accurate English and much less colloquial language was used. Using a language like this gives the book the atmosphere of that time. It is one of the books from the Sherlock Holmes series. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle established a tradition of detective fiction and modern detective fiction tries to continue this tradition. Sherlock Holmes is one of the most famous and popular detectives in the world. Holmes was similar to a super hero in that time. When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle cancelled the publication of Sherlock Holmes the public was devastated to read about the death of the detective. Men in London wore black armbands as a mark of respect. It got so bad that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle even received death threats so he had to bring him back. Sherlock Holmes was re-born. This just shows how popular, realistic and believable Sherlock Holmes stories really are. The reason Sherlock Holmes stories were so much in demand is because of their enchanting and realistic characteristics and settings. The stories are very descriptive and it gives you a clear picture of what is happening in them and the settings create an entrancing and mysterious atmosphere. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses a formula in his